Ekonomi dan Masyarakat

perdagangan

The Erie Canal greatly increased commerce between New York and the Midwest.

pedagang, saudagar

Colonial merchants shipped tobacco to England.

barang, barang dagangan

Railroads carried goods across the country quickly.

Selalu jamak. Bukan 'a goods'. Jangan ketuker dengan good (baik).

komoditas, barang dagangan utama

Cotton was the leading export commodity of the United States before the Civil War.

pasokan, persediaan

When supply falls and demand stays the same, prices usually rise.

permintaan (pasar)

The demand for automobiles grew rapidly in the 1920s.

Sebagai verb, demand artinya menuntut dengan tegas, lebih kuat dari ask.

konsumen, pembeli

Consumers spend more money during the holiday season.

pendapatan

Taxes are the main source of revenue for the government.

upah

Factory workers in the 1800s often earned very low wages.

tenaga kerja; kerja keras

A shortage of labor led many farmers to buy new machines.

Labor union artinya serikat buruh. Ejaan British-nya labour, tapi TOEFL pakai ejaan Amerika.

industri

The steel industry grew quickly in Pittsburgh.

Industrious artinya rajin, bukan berkaitan dengan industri. Itu industrial.

memproduksi (di pabrik)

The company manufactures parts for farm equipment.

mengekspor

The region exports wheat to many countries.

keuntungan

The small shop made a profit in its first year.

Bunyinya sama dengan prophet (nabi). Di Listening, pilihan yang bunyinya mirip sering jadi jebakan.

perkotaan

Urban populations grew as people moved to factory towns.

pedesaan

Most Americans lived in rural areas in 1800.

Pasangan lawannya urban. Kalau passage bilang penduduk pindah dari rural ke urban, itu urbanisasi.

jumlah penduduk, populasi

The population of California grew rapidly after gold was discovered in 1848.

sensus, penghitungan penduduk

The United States takes a census every ten years.

komunitas, masyarakat setempat

The whole community helped rebuild the school after the fire.

kesejahteraan

Public parks were built for the welfare of city residents.

Di Amerika, welfare juga dipakai untuk bantuan sosial dari pemerintah.

kemiskinan

Many immigrant families lived in poverty when they first arrived.

makmur, kaya

Affluent families often spent their summers by the sea.

status, kedudukan sosial

Owning land was a sign of high social status.

adat, kebiasaan

Exchanging gifts is a custom in many cultures.

Bentuk jamak customs bisa berarti bea cukai di bandara. Konteks yang menentukan.

lembaga; tradisi yang sudah mapan

Public libraries became important institutions in American towns.

inflasi, kenaikan harga secara umum

High inflation made everyday goods more expensive.

tarif bea masuk

Congress raised tariffs on imported goods to protect local factories.

monopoli, penguasaan pasar oleh satu pihak

Laws were passed to break up large monopolies.

barter, tukar barang tanpa uang

Early settlers often bartered furs for tools and cloth.

naik turun, berubah-ubah

Crop prices fluctuate from year to year.